Reforms in Chinese Agriculture Have Had Its Successes and...

Reforms in Chinese Agriculture have had its successes and failures over time. Originally, the agricultural sector was operating under a centrally planned system and now it is working its way to a market-oriented agricultural sector. In this paper the focus is going to be on the positive and or negative effects of the Great Leap Forward Movement, The Cultural Revolution, the commune system, and, the responsibility system. Furthermore, the performance of grain production over the period of 1952 to 1988 will be briefly discussed. An important first movement was The Great Leap Forward Movement, which was headed by Mao Zedong in 1958. This movement brought about the creation of communes, which is a collective economic unit. This†¦show more content†¦Between 1958 and 1984, the communes were responsible for procuring grain, for drawing up plans for subordinate units (the production brigades and teams), and for managing water and pest control, afforestation, and transportation projects. They also operated facilities for marketing crops, as well as stores selling consumer goods, seed, fertilizer, implements, and other farm inputs. So basically by 1985 the communes were transformed to economic units with no political influence. The commune movement was the key starting point for Chinese rural agriculture to become decentralized or in other words become free from complete control of the central government. The reform of agriculture was required when the Chinese leaders finished experimenting with the commune system and central economic planning. They became aware of its many down falls and so they began to concentrate on a more market-oriented economy. One of the main shortcomings of the commune system was that farm workers had no incentive to work hard because they were not rewarded for their efforts. The farmers knew how to run the farms efficiently, but their hands were tied under the commune system by the central government. All things changed when the responsibility system came into effect. This responsibility system is similar to private farming in a market economy, withShow MoreRelatedMao Zedong1391 Words   |  6 PagesMao Zedong is considered to be one of the most controversial political leaders of the twentieth century. He has been known both as a savior and a tyrant to the Chinese people. From his strategic success of the Long March, to his humiliating failure of the Great Leap Forward, to the Cultural Revolution that shocked the country and took countless lives, Mao has significantly influenced the result of what China is today. From humble origins, Mao Zedong rose to absolute power, unifying with an iron fistRead MoreComparing the Approaches of the Progressive and Populist Movements893 Words   |  4 Pagesin the United States. Both movements had different approaches to what was more important and how to deal with problems. Progressivism was mainly for the betterment of cities while populis m is for agrarian section of farmers. First of all there were social failures and successes between the populist and the progressive. During the progressive era, many lawmakers from state and general level made laws to protect citizens at home and those who are at work. Reforms were made saying that women and childrenRead MoreComparing Russia And China Relations1646 Words   |  7 Pageseconomies. Both countries have extremely large populations and huge landmasses. They also both are autonomous countries that have experienced thousands of years of autocracy. Historically being land empires in the center of Eurasia, they developed strong central state legacies with distinct identities, cultures, and legitimacies. As former command socialist economies, establishing a market capitalist system was a daunting task for both Russia and China. The nations had to attempt to invent the processRead MoreThe Collapse Of Communism During The Soviet Union2553 Words   |  11 PagesVandyke B00570936 Peter Arthur Robert Finbow November 30, 2014 POLI 2300 A Failure to Adapt: Why Communism Survived in China and failed In the USSR The eventual demise of Communism in the USSR was a direct consequence of the Soviet Union’s failure to adapt to the changes occurring in the world during the 1920’s to the 1940’s. Unlike Communist China, the USSR failed to place economic growth ahead of political reform. In this regard, Russia was unsuccessful in establishing a national identity andRead MoreChina s Economic Success Of The United States2138 Words   |  9 PagesIn 2014, what had been predicted numerous times throughout the past decade had finally occurred. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), China had overtook the United States (US) to become the world’s largest economy, with their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measured by way of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), where GDP is adjusted to accommodate the relative prices in each market, was estimated to be at $17.6 trillion compared to $17.4 trillion for the US (Fray 2014). This stood testamentRead MoreAssess the Impact of Interf erence by Foreign Powers on China’s Development in the 20th Century2321 Words   |  10 Pagestransformation is seen to be a great success of China, considering the relatively short amount of time in which it was accomplished, but the question still remains as to whether entire credit should be given to China itself or instead whether China’s successful development was more due to the forced interference of foreign powers or, to a lesser extent, their influence rather than the inspired originality of Chinese politicians. The main stimulus for development certainly seems to be economic policy (eitherRead MoreThe Great Leaders in China3603 Words   |  15 PagesGenghis Khan, first known as Temujin, was the son of a leader of a Mongolian tribe. He was brought up in a time of warring tribes and factions. Genghis Khan was a fierce and brilliant military commander, who achieved unprecedented success in setting Ghengis Khanup an Empire which stretched across Europe and Asia . His Mongol armies left a trail of fear, death and destruction. But, he also created a vibrant empire with a common language, booming trade, tolerance of religion and some basic customs andRead More China In The 20th Century Essay example2955 Words   |  12 Pages Overview China in the 20th century has been going through enormous changes. From colonialism and imperialism to republicanism, from communism to capitalism, and from underdevelopment to a country maintaining over 10% economic growth for over ten years. In this research paper, I will focus on the transition of China from a Communist command economy to a type of market economy as well as the economic fluctuations throughout this period. In 1949 Oct 1, the Peopleamp;#8217;s Republic ofRead MoreThe Effects of the Communists’ Policies Towards Women on the Communists’ Rise to Power in China2335 Words   |  10 Pagesin society. I will analyze journal articles and books from Western and Asian authors to evaluate various historians’ views on Communists’ policies towards women and the effects they had on Communists’ rise to power. Kellee Tsai’s Women and the state in post-1949 rural China and John King Fairbank’s â€Å"The Great Chinese Revolution: 1800-1985† are two of the principle sources and will be evaluated. Part B: Summary of Evidence Women’s Participation in Long March Mao’s uprising in Hunan, known asRead MoreThe Great Leap Forward By Joseph Stalin1991 Words   |  8 PagesMao launched the ‘Cultural Revolution’ in order to reassert his authority over China and the CCP, but also ensure that China would not revert back into capitalism and cement the revolution so as not to make the same revisionist mistakes that Mao had seen in the USSR. I aim to establish whether ‘the Great Leap Forward’ and ‘Cultural Revolution’ were successes for China in modernising and pushing the country forward or a failure that achieved nothing for the nation, by focussing on a few key elements

Childhood Obesity. Childhood Obesity Is A Growing Problem

Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States. Childhood obesity is defined as a child being at or above the 95th percentile for the child’s age and sex (Dietz, 1998). According to the Center of Disease Control â€Å"Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. The percentage of children aged 6–11 years in the United States who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012† (CDC, 2017). There are several behavioral and environmental factors that affect childhood obesity as a health problem. It’s important to identify a problem, examine how behaviors can be changed, and find various determinants that may influence specific behaviors in†¦show more content†¦These statistics alone are the main reasons we need to focus on children. Not only for this, but also childhood obesity has a significant relation to that person being obese as an adult. In men who were obese during adolescence, all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular disease and colon cancer were increased. In both men and women obese during adolescence, rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes were increased. Among women but not men obese during adolescence, obesity has a variety of adverse psychosocial consequences (Dietz, 1998). The prevalence of obesity in St. Louis City is 10.7% and 8.6% in St. Louis County. Though Missouri as a whole has a prevalence of 12.0%, we wanted to focus on an area that did not have as much access as other cities or counties due to various social determinants. Based on an graph from Cynthia Ogden et al from Jama Network, it showed that boys of Hispanic race aged 2-19 years old, are the most obese of all other races. However, we will be focusing on all races and genders because of equality and the mass amount of childhood obesity in general. There are many behavior and environmental factors that link to obesity within youth. Our plan is to focus on sedentary lifestyles and poor nutrition due to zoning laws within their zip code. An article from Obesity: A Research Journal states â€Å"If obese parents of at-risk children reduce access to low-nutrient dense foods available in the shared familyShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1594 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem According to the African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development â€Å"Twenty-five percent of children in the US are overweight and 11% are obese† ( Dehgan 1) . The Center of disease Control and Prevention defines overweight as having a body mass index, or BMI, of 30. BMI can be found by dividing an individual’s weight by their height. Childhood obesity is present in children from ages ranging 6-18. The amount of excess body fat can lead to many â€Å"heathRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1177 Words   |  5 Pagesquote from Richard Carmona says, â€Å"If the childhood obesity epidemic remains unchecked, it will condemn many of our kids to shorter lives, as well as the emotional and financial burdens of poor health† (â€Å"Richard†). Carmona is right in many ways. More than ever, childhood obesity is a huge problem in America today. This disease is causes health problems, emotional problems, weakness, and fatigue. Childh ood obesity in America has become a widespread problem and will continue to worsen unless we enforceRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1816 Words   |  8 Pages Childhood obesity is a rapidly growing problem around the world, especially in North America today. The rates at which children and adolescents have become overweight have increased dramatically since the 1970’s leading to a call for action to try and reverse this growing trend (Birch Ventura, 2009). This topic must be addressed as today childhood obesity affects approximately one in every five children and adolescents across the United States. This issue is important to discuss because beingRead MoreChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem795 Words   |  3 PagesChildhood obesity is a growing problem that needs to be resolved. Many people may say it is the Child’s fault, he is weak willed. This is just a common misconception; there are hundreds of different reasons for childhood obesity. I will just be scratching the surface of this paper. By the same token childhood obesity is a growing problem that needs to be resolved. We can achieve this by understanding some common misconceptions, understanding health problems, and understanding fitness. ThereforeRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1378 Words   |  6 PagesDid you know that obesity has become such a ‘growing’ quandary that for the first time ever today’s children are expected to have a life expectancy that is shorter than their parents (Gance-Cleveland, Gilbert, Kopanos, Gilbert, 2009, p. 72)? Obesity in children and adolescents has become a worldwide epidemic, increasing every year. In fact, childhood obesity in the United States (US) has increased to 17%, which has nearly tripled the prevalence of obesity in the last three decades (Center forRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem1083 Words   |  5 PagesA huge problem that we are facing in the world today is that of childhood obesity. It is a rising epidemic, not only in the United States but around the world. One study states: â€Å"OBESITY RATES HAVE INCREASED STEEPLY IN RECENT DECADES, with two-thirds of American adults and one-third of American children (aged 2 to 1 9) currently overweight or obese. Obese children are more likely to become obese adults, and obesity is associated with a host of chronic diseases, including Type-2 diabetes, hypertensionRead MoreChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem966 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem Did you know the parentage of overweight children and adolescents in the United States has nearly tripled since the early 1970s? Childhood obesity is a rising social problem in the United States and affects many Americans. There are many reasons why childhood obesity is a problem in our society which leads to long term consequences. A few of the consequences include heart disease, type 2 diabetes, asthma, sleep apnea, and social discrimination. All of theseRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation on Childhood Obesity. I intend to first plainly explain a clear definition of what Childhood Obesity is. Next I plan on explaining some possible reasons why children develop obesity. I also want to give clear consequences and life struggles that may be associated with a child who is obese. I also want to discuss long term effects of this disease on the individual as well as society. Finally, I would like to discuss some possible treatments associated with curing obesity in children asRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is becoming an increasingly severe problem in today’s society. This portfolio aims to explain different causations of childhood obesity, and evaluate the interventions that have been put in place to combat the issue. In 2015, 15% of children between the ages of 2 to 15, in Scotland, were at risk of obesity, in relation to their Body Mass Index (Scottish Health Survey, 2015). For children, the BMI ranges changes as they grow and get older, as well as being dependent on gender. ForRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Problem2416 Words   |  10 Pages Why is childhood obesity on the rise in America? Student name Instructor name Course name Date Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States. More and more young people are living with video games, televisions, and computers so are living their lives in a mostly sitting position. Few children are able to spend the hours between school and dark playing outside as they used to do and even less would choose to. Most children are trapped within the walls of their homes while their

Using Death Row Inmates For Medical Research free essay sample

Due to animal testing, one animal dies in a laboratory in the United States every second, in Japan every two seconds and in the United Kingdom every twelve seconds. Billions of non-human animals have been burnt, crushed, sliced, electrocuted, poisoned with toxic chemicals, and psychologically tormented because of medical research. Alternatives for these experiments have shown to be less expensive and can be used repeatedly. We are in desperate need of reliable medical research. Why not experiment and receive more accurate finding for our medical needs? Why not use people who didn’t think twice about giving up their so-called human-rights when they committed such heinous crimes towards our society? Inmates on Death Row should be involved in a selfless and valued service with a purpose beyond being taxpayer burdens. Animals are said to have a different distribution of fine blood vessels and their skin does not react in the same way to the tests as that of a human. We will write a custom essay sample on Using Death Row Inmates For Medical Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although humans and animals are particularly similar throughout the central nervous system, other systems such as the cardiovascular system may differ greatly. For instance, lethal dosage (LD) tests used for cosmetic testing do not measure human health hazards, but only determine how toxic the product is to the type of animal it was tested on. The drug, Fialuridine, does not harm dogs and monkeys but often proves fatal to humans. Transgenic mice containing the defective gene causing cystic fibrosis do not show the symptoms characteristic of the condition in humans. Often, many diseases and substances act differently in humans than they do in animals. During experiments using animals in the past, tobacco continuously failed to produce cancer in the subjects being tested. Due to these failed trials; warnings and concerns about the dangers of cigarettes were not recognized for many years. During a test using the drug, Milrinone, it increased the mortality rate of patients with heart failure by 30% (www. lcanimal. org). During testing, it was shown to decrease this rate. Companies â€Å"claim† they carry out animal testing to establish the safety of their products beyond doubts. Their â€Å"main reason† to continue their horrific experiments on defenseless animals is to protect overall human health. It  does not seem completely logically to test human products and inject human diseases in animals that often are not resulting in the accurate results society depends upon. What better way to determine what effects a drug will have on a human than by testing it on a human? Death Row Inmates who have been proven guilty of their heinous crime should have to partake in a service to improve humanity since they are no longer a productive member of society. According to the 8th Amendment to the United States Constitution, we as the people prohibit the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishment. There are particularly four principles by which we may determine whether a punishment is â€Å"cruel and unusual. † The four principles are as follows: Degrading to human dignity, especially torture; inflicted in wholly arbitrary fashion, in other words, given for no legitimate reason; rejected throughout society; patently unnecessary. Since medical testing on animals still exists, it looks as though it is done for a legitimate reason and purpose, it is still not rejected throughout our entire society to completely ban the procedures, and it is apparent that the tests done are patently necessary. Why test human products on unreliable sources such as defenseless animals that are unaware of their purpose? Why not medically test human products on a human, who has willingly forfeited their life their rights when they committed their crime? In Florida, the average length of stay on Death Row prior to execution is a little over 13 years. That’s 13 years of a three guaranteed meals each day, a housed cell with a bed to sleep on, entertainment, including television, magazines, and a radio, exercise material, and an opportunity to shower every other day. That is 13 years of life a criminal is still living, living off the same persons’ tax funds that he or she may have tried to kill or have permanently damaged their life in some way or form. A new study in California has found that the death penalty costs taxpayers $137 million dollars each year. Why not cut those costs, save our money, and let these inmates serve in a valued service for the greatest of mankind? Human Rights activists might complain that it is unethical to use murders, rapists, drug dealers, serial killers and such as â€Å"lab animals†. It is also unfair that taxpayers’ money should contribute to keeping these people in prison years on end. As these people committed their crimes, they automatically â€Å"lost† their human rights. With this in mind, using them for the sake of medical advances will indeed redeem their lives in society and pay for their crimes at the same time. Inmates proven guilty and placed upon Death Row should indeed be involved in a selfless and valued service with a purpose beyond being taxpayer burdens.

Statistical coursework that uses data from Mayfield High School. Essay Example

Statistical coursework that uses data from Mayfield High School. Essay I have chosen to do this statistical coursework that uses data from Mayfield High School. Although this is a fictitious school, the data is based on a real school. As the data has been collected for me, it is called secondary data. I believe that this coursework will allow me to illustrate my ability to handle data, use specific techniques and apply higher level statistical maths by being able to use a variety of methods in order to analyse and compare sets of data. During this project I will be examining the relationships between the attributes of the pupils of Mayfield High School. My aim is took produce a line of enquiry which has two or more statistics regarding the pupils which are related to each other. This table shows how many boys and girls there are in each year group at Mayfield High. Year Group We will write a custom essay sample on Statistical coursework that uses data from Mayfield High School. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Statistical coursework that uses data from Mayfield High School. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Statistical coursework that uses data from Mayfield High School. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Number of Boys Number of Girls Total 7 150 150 300 8 145 125 270 9 120 140 260 10 100 100 200 11 84 86 170 The total Number of students at the school is 1200 Data is provided for each pupil in the following categories: * Name * Age * Year Group * IQ * Weight * Height * Hair colour * Eye colour * Shoe size * Distance from home to school * Usual method if travel to school * Number of Brothers or sisters * Key stage 2 3 results in English, Mathematics and Science From the abovementioned, I need to pick several types of data to base my investigation on. However, I have decided to pick only two (at the maximum 3) pieces of data, as time is a limiting factor in this coursework. When deciding my data categories, there are a few things that I need to bear in mind. I need to use quantitative data, so I am able to apply all higher level statistical maths to my results. I also need to make sure that the data I choose are closely related, so I can analyse my results thoroughly. There are several lines of enquiry at this point that I may wish to follow up. These are: * The relationship between IQ and Key stage 3 English results * The relationship between height and weight * The relationship between shoe size and height Through basic observations of the people in my surroundings, I believe that there may be a strong relationship between a persons height and weight, not only with people in general, but between separate genders. However, I also feel that age is an affecting factor, and intend to look into that later on in the coursework. I have made this decision based on the fact that each of these pieces of data is interrelated and they are continuous (quantitative). As previously stated, my line of enquiry will be the relationship between height and weight (with the introduction of age). I predict that there are several hypothesis that are related to this investigation. * Boys will be taller than girls * As height increases, so does weight * Girls are heavier than boys However, you must also take into consideration that relationships will be different when genders are treated separately. In order to collect the data, it would take too much time and energy to unnecessarily include every person from the whole school. Therefore, a type of sample is needed. I have decided to take a sample rather than use the whole of the population, as it is quicker to take samples than to collect information from the whole population. Because time is a limiting factor, sampling will help me very much. It is important to choose the sample without bias so that the results will represent the whole population. There are many types of sampling, and I now need to find out which type suits my investigation best. Random Sampling In a random sample, every member of the population has a chance of being selected. * Advantages: Every member of the population has a chance of being selected. * Disadvantages: Due to its unpredictability, anomalous results can sometimes be obtained that are not representative of the population. In addition, these irregular results may be difficult to spot. For our purposes, there wont be the same amount from each year and equal amounts of both genders. Systematic Sampling In a systematic sample, every member of the sample is chosen at regular intervals from the list. * Advantages: Can eliminate some sources of bias * Disadvantages: Can introduce bias where the pattern used for the samples coincides with a pattern in the population. For our purposes, there is a guarantees representative sample of year groups but not of gender Stratified Sampling A population may contain separate groups or strata. Each group needs to be fairly represented in the sample. The number from each group is proportional to the group size. The selection is then made at random from each group. * This form of sampling will work well for our purposes Quota Sampling As with stratified samples, the population is broken down into different categories. However, the size of the sample of each category does not reflect the population as a whole. This can be used where an unrepresentative sample is desirable (e.g. you might want to interview more children than adults for a survey on computer games), or where it would be too difficult to undertake a stratified sample. * Advantages: Simpler to undertake than a stratified sample. Sometimes a deliberately biased sample is desirable * Disadvantages: Not a genuine random sample, and is likely to yield a biased result. For our purposes it is not very reliable because it depends on the interviewer to choose the sample Cluster Sampling Used when populations can be broken down into many different categories, or clusters (e.g. church parishes). Rather than taking a sample from each cluster, a random selection of clusters is chosen to represent the whole. Within each cluster, a random sample is taken. * Advantages: Less expensive and time consuming than a fully random sample. Can show regional variations. * Disadvantages: Not a genuine random sample. Likely to yield a biased result (especially if only a few clusters are sampled). After looking at all of the advantages and disadvantages of each types of sampling, I have chosen to use stratified sampling, as this form of sampling will work well for our purposes. The reasons are stated above. As I have now decided on my line of enquiry and type of sampling, I now need to decide how big my sample size will be. As different sizes of sample will affect the reliability of my results and conclusions, it is imperative that I make the correct choice when deciding the size of my sample. The bigger a sample, the more useful the data will be. I you select a lot of people, your results will be closer to the actual results for the whole school. However, if you choose too many people the data becomes too difficult to analyze and takes too long to collate and sort. 5 10% is usually a fair representation of population, so I have decided to use a 9% sample, which is 54 people. In my opinion, I think this will be a good representation of population and is also a reasonable figure to manage. When collecting my data, I need to check for outliers and anomalies. I will need to check my sampled data for untypical values which appear to lie outside the general range. (E.g. weight: 1kg/600kg and height: 0.01m/10m) Once I present my results in a graph it will be easy to see where the outlier resides: If these outliers were included in my calculations or graphs they would distort the data, disrupt the correlation of graphs, and therefore effect my conclusion, and whether or not my hypothesis is correct. This is why it is crucial that I disregard any information that is blatantly incorrect. Sampling Method (In Detail) In order to produce my results, I need to know how my sampling method works. 1. Count boys and girls per year group 2. Work out sample size 3. Find the fraction of pupils in each year 4. Find how many people there are in each year out of 54 (9% sample) 5. Use same method to calculate amount of girls and boys in each year for sample 6. Use random sampling to choose correct number of boys and girls per year group and enter results in tables 7. Identify and anomalous data/outliers. Reselect data item Mathematical Techniques In order to thoroughly analyze and evaluate my data, there are many mathematical techniques, diagrams and graphs I will need to use. Here is a list of them: Diagrams: 1. Histograms A histogram is constructed from a frequency table. The intervals are shown on the X-axis and the number of scores in each interval is represented by the height of a rectangle located above the interval. 2. Box Plots A box plot provides an excellent visual summary of many important aspects of a distribution. The box stretches from the lower quartile to the upper quartile and therefore contains the middle half of the scores in the distribution. The median is shown as a line across the box. Therefore 1/4 of the distribution is between this line and the top of the box and 1/4 of the distribution is between this line and the bottom of the box. 3. Scatter Diagram A type of diagram used to show the relationship between data items that have two numeric properties. One property is represented along the x-axis and the other along the y-axis. Each item is then represented by a single point. 4. Cumulative Frequency Graphs A cumulative frequency graph can be used to estimate some useful statistical measures. 5. Line Of Best Fit Single line drawn through a series of data points as a best representation of the underlying trend. Can be a straight line or a curve. Calculations: 1. Mean 2. Mode 3. Median 4. Mean Modal Class for Grouped Continuous Data This calculates the mean for grouped continuous data. 5. Interquartile Range The distance between the upper and lower quartiles. As a measure of variability, it is less sensitive than the standard deviation or range to the possible presence of outliers. It is also used to define the box in a box-and-whisker plot. 6. Standard Deviation It is the most commonly used measure of spread. 7. Normal distribution Normal distributions are a family of distributions that have the same general shape. They are symmetric with scores more concentrated in the middle than in the tails. Normal distributions are sometimes described as bell shaped. 8. Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient The Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient is used to discover the strength of a link between two sets of data. 9. Equation of Line of Best fit Equation of line that shows underlying spread. Collecting the Data In order to find my results, I will need to sort the data and put it into tables. As I am using stratified sampling, I have had to count up the amount of boys and girls in each year and work out my sample size. Once I have done this, I will record my results in two separate tables (one for males, one for females), in year order. From there, I will then create separate tables for each year and then create 1 large mixed table. After I have finished sorting out the tables, I will then do various scatter diagrams. Firstly, one for males one for females, mixed and then one for each year (for both mixed and separate genders). Finding the Results As I have previously stated, I have decided to use a samples size of 9%, which in total is 54 people. I now need to apply that information to the investigation and work out my sample for each year, gender etc. Data: Year Boys Girls Total 7 75 75 150 8 65 70 135 9 62 68 130 10 51 49 100 11 41 44 85 Total 600 Sample size : 9% of 600 = 54 Now, I have to calculate how many pupils to examine within each year, because each year group varies in total amount of students. I will calculate the proportion of pupils from each of the year groups. Stratified Sample: Year Fraction of population /54 No. Of Girls in Sample No. of Boys in Sample 7 150/600= 0.25 13.5 75/150 x 13.5 = 6.75 (7) 75/150 x 13.5 = 6.75 (7) 8 135/600= 0.225 12.2 70/135 x 12.2 = 6.32 (6) 65/135 x 12.2 = 5.87 (6) 9 130/600= 0.2166666 11.7 68/130 x 11.7 = 6.12 (6) 62/130 x 11.7 = 5.58 (6) 10 100/600= 0.1666666 9 49/100 x 9 = 4.41 (4) 51/100 x 9 = 4.59 (5) 11 85/600 = 0.1416666 7.6 44/85 x 7.6 = 3.93 (4) 41/85 x 7.6 = 3.67 (4) Due to rounding, my sample size has been adjusted from 54 to 55. Given as a percentage, this would be: 55/600 x 100 = 9.166666667 = 9.2% I now need to randomly select, within the specified year and gender, the designated amount for each category. I will do this by using the random function on my calculator. I need to make sure the results are random, so that they will not be biased. Once I have done this, I need to check for any anomalies in my selected pupils weight/height. Boys Year Height (cm) Weight (kg) 1 7 1.48 44 2 7 1.59 52 3 7 1.49 43 4 7 1.52 45 5 7 1.54 43 6 7 1.55 40 7 7 1.59 45 8 8 1.57 48 9 8 1.67 51 10 8 1.71 46 11 8 1.66 43 12 8 1.59 47 13 8 1.42 40 14 9 1.67 54 15 9 1.8 48 16 9 1.75 63 17 9 1.46 45 18 9 1.5 70 19 9 1.82 66 20 10 1.8 49 21 10 1.6 50 22 10 1.62 52 23 10 1.65 50 24 10 1.77 59 25 11 1.91 82 26 11 1.62 56 27 11 1.74 50 28 11 2 86 Results Girls Year Height (cm) Weight (kg) 1 7 1.61 45 2 7 1.61 47 3 7 1.56 43 4 7 1.48 42 5 7 1.5 40 6 7 1.56 53 7 7 1.58 48 8 8 1.72 43 9 8 1.62 53 10 8 1.62 54 11 8 1.6 46 12 8 1.75 45 13 8 1.48 46 14 9 1.57 38 15 9 1.62 54 16 9 1.64 40 17 9 1.6 46 18 9 1.8 60 19 9 1.6 51 20 10 1.52 45 21 10 1.72 56 22 10 1.66 45 23 10 1.73 42 24 11 1.7 50 25 11 1.68 48 26 11 1.52 38 27 11 1.62 48 Organising My Results Although I have already presented my results into 2 separate tables, one for each gender, the results are not concise enough. In order to fully analyse my results, I will need to put my results into scatter diagrams and histograms etc. Therefore, my results need to be grouped into around 5-8 groups, which are the same for both genders. This is because when I put my results into the scatter diagrams (etc), I will need to compare both genders, thus requiring me to use the same groups for both sexes. Once I have chosen my groups, I will enter the information into the frequency tables and use those for me histograms and scatter diagrams.